Xenobiotics Metabolizing Enzymes Very Important Exogenous Endogenous Compounds Biology Essay

Xenobiotics Metabolizing Enzymes Very Important Exogenous Endogenous Compounds Biology Essay Xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes (XMES) are very important for metabolizing of exogenous and endogenous compounds [23]. They are involved in the biotransformation of exogenous compounds like procarcinogen, drugs, solvents. They are categorized into parts: phase I and phase II enzymes. Cytochrome 450 family comes under phase I enzyme. Cytochrome P450 family of enzymes is mainly involved in synthesis and metabolism processes of exogenous and endogenous compounds. CYP genes are located mainly in the liver and within the cell are present in the endoplasmic reticulum and also in the mitochondria. CYP family is divided into four main families: CYP 1, CYP 2, CYP 3 and CYP4. CYP has two main roles in the human body [24]. First, CYP is used by the body to metabolize and transform a range of hydrophobic xenobiotics (exogenous, foreign compounds such as pesticides, carcinogens, and pollutants) to more polar metabolites so that they can be readily excreted in the urine. By biotransforming potentially toxic compounds to less potent forms, CYP works as a natural detoxifying agent of the body. Large populations of CYP are found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian liver cells, the primary site of metabolism. The gene families most commonly found in humans and involved in metabolism include cytochrome P-450 1, 2, and 3 (known as CYP 1, CYP 2, and CYP 3). Second, CYP enzymes are used in the synthesis of important signaling molecules, such as steroid hormones in the endocrine glands, fat-soluble vitamins and Metabolism of fats (cholesterol and fatty acids). CYP metabolisms have adverse effects as well as beneficial effects. CYP plays an important role in activating carcinogens, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), by an oxidation mechanism. They are also involved in the metabolism of certain medication that are ingested (endoplasmic reticulum) and also certain toxin/internal substances formed within the cells (mitochondria). These functions mainly depend upon iron present in it as a prosthetic group. Hence, they are called hemoproteins. Iron contains two 4s electrons and six 3d shell electrons in its valence shell. The function of this gene depends on the shifting oxidation state of iron between ferrous Fe2+ (loss of the 4s electrons) and ferric Fe3+ (loss of an additional 3d electron). As the ferric state results in a half-filled 3d shell, it is the more stable form of the two states. As a result, CYP can be readily reduced with the addition of an electron. It is a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases and involved in an independent NADPH dependent electron transport pathway [24]. Fig1. Metal complex structure of CYP 450 5. MECHANISM 5.1. CARCINOGEN IDENTIFICATION The carcinogen from tobacco smoking is genotoxic carcinogens that are capable on inducing DNA lesion. This carcinogen is divided into two parts, first is direct carcinogens and second is procarcinogens. Direct carcinogens are highly reactive and having an electrophilic groups with surplus positive charge. They interact directly with DNA and form DNA adducts. The example of this carcinogens are N-nitrosoalkylurea, ethyl- and methylmethanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitronitrosoguanidine, sulfur mustard, diepoxybutane, beta-propiolactone, ethyleneimine, etc. Initially, procarcinogens are chemically in inactive form. When procarcinogens go inside the body, they interact with different types of enzyme that metabolise in the cell in two steps. In the first step, procarcinogen are activated and converted into electrophilic derivatives. In the second step, the metabolic products are neutralized by conjugation. The first step process is mainly done by CYTOCHROME 450 family and second step process is done by conjugating enzymes include acyltransferase, epoxidases, sulfotransferases, glutathione-S-transferases, UDP-glucuronyl transferases, and transaminases [6]. They are activated by oxidation process that is mainly done by CYP gene. The main procarcinogen in smoking that create negative effect on CYP1A1 genes are mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group (Benzo(a)pyrene, Benz(a)anthracene, Benzo(b) fluoranthene, Benzo(c)phenanthrene) and N-nitrosamines (NNK) [8]. CYP1A1 does not form directly tumour, it only makes procarcinogen to carcinogen that forms tumour formation. Cytochrome p450 enzyme comes under the phase1 enzymes which convertes the mutagens to epoxides in the K-region as well as the Bay region of Benzo (a) pyrene [1]. CYP gene carry out oxidation and reduction of the hydrophobic ligands converting them into epoxides usually in the K-region which is then taken up by phase2 enzyme (GST) and metabolized into water soluble compounds (later excreted through urine). But if the epoxide is formed near the bay region then phase2 enzymes become idle without carrying out any metabolic process. The CYP gene metabolises the carcinogens to epoxides, which are highly reactive and binds to DNA and further activate d to diol epoxides. They covert the carcinogen B[a] P into B[a]P-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides which has got high DNA binding capacity. These mutagens are termed as Bay epoxides as they have tumourogenic effects on DNA. The presence of motif reason of CYP 450 oxidizes the PAH. The motif reason of CYP450 is Phe-X(6-9)-Cys-X-Gly, where X is a specific amino acid. Cysteine binds to heme iron and takes part in the transfer of one atmospheric oxygen atom to the substrate that contained in the pocket of the substrate-binding site in the enzyme active center. In few cases, the life span of metabolites is very short (several milliseconds) due to their high reactivity and fast conversion into stable hydroxylated derivatives. In other cases, due to slow decomposition of metabolites they easily enter into the nucleus, mitochondria, and other cell organelles. The reaction catalyzed by cytochromes P450 is a monooxygenase reaction, e.g., insertion of one atom of oxygen into an organic substrate (RH) whi le the other oxygen atom is reduced to water: RH + O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → ROH + H2O Fig2. Substrate oxidation in the cytochrome P450 system Fig3. Bay and K region of Benzo(a)pyrene and epoxide formation of Bay region Fig4. Epoxide formation of B(a)P 5.2. INDUCTION OF CYP GENE The amount of CYP1A1 is responsible for tumour formation in organs. Basal expression of CYP1A1 is negligible. High amount of CYP1A1 increases the risk of tumour formation or cancer. It can create an imbalance condition between detoxification and activation that leads to adverse effects. It converts the procarcinogen to carcinogen by oxidation process. At high substrate concentrations detoxification becomes saturated and induction can increase the production of reactive metabolites compare to the capacity of cellular defenses, thereby producing toxicity or neoplasia [9]. Procarcinogen increases the amount of CYP1A1. CYP1A1 is induced by two pathways namely canonical and non-canonical signaling pathway of AhR. Canonical signaling pathway enhances the synthesis of CYP1A1 that causes tumour formation. There is no evidence to prove that Non-Canonical signaling pathway is the reason of tumour promoter. Our study show that the research is going on about non canonical signaling pathway. CYP1A1 is also called as AHH (Aryl Hydrocarbon hydroxylase). It is involved in the metabolic activation of aromatic hydrocarbon (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). The studies on the mechanism revealed that ligand like B[a]P binds to the receptor AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) (an intracellular protein that starts the induction process by biding inducer) in the cytosol. When B(a)P goes inside the body, it will pass through lipid membrane before reaching the cytosol. It is a hydrophobic as well as lipophilic compound that accumulates in the membrane of lipid bilayer, So that the membrane loses its reliability and an increase in permeability to protons and ions. Therefore, it creates imbalance the proton motive force and intracellular pH. In addition to the effects of lipophilic compounds on the lipid part of the membrane, proteins surrounded in the membrane are affected. The effects on the membrane-embedded proteins result to a large extent from changes in the lipid environment [7, 9]. So that PAH is able to go inside the cytosol and makes complex with Ahr receptor. Usually the AhR receptor is present as a part of the cytosolic protein complex which includes 2 hsp90, p23 and XAP2 or AIP (also known as co-chaperons). Once the ligand is bound to the receptor, the co-chaperons dissociate and the receptor is translolcated into the nucleus. This complex along with the ligand molecule heterodimerizes, with another molecule ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator). This heterodimer binds to the consensus regulatory sequences such as AhREs (Ah responsive elements), XRE s (Xenobiotics responsive elements) or DREs (dioxin responsive elements) to be found in the promoter region of AhR target genes such as CYP1A1, thereby initiating the transcription by RNA-polyII [1]. The transcription of CYP1A1 gene is inhibited by AhRR protein .The AhRR/ARNT heterodimer stops the transcription process initiated by XREs and also inhibits the heterodimer formation of AhR-ARNT [2,1]. Fig.5. Canonical signaling pathway of AhR 5.3. ALTERATION IN CYP1A1 Mainly four types of polymorphism happen in CYP1A1 that enhances the tumour formation in organs by increasing the oxidation process that makes procarcinogen to carcinogen. These four polymorphisms [19] are as follows: M1 (Msp1), T→C substitution at nucleotide 3801 in the 3-non-coding region. M2 (Msp2), A→G substitution at nucleotide 2455 leading to an amino acid change of isoleucine to valine at codon 462. M3, T→C substitution at nucleotide 3205 in the 3-non-coding region. M4, C→A substitution at nucleotide 2453 leading to an amino acid change of threonine to asparagine at codon 461. These mutations do not happen due to smoking; it can lead to enhance the more AHH (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) activity. Each mutation has different function and plays an important role in the tumour formation. For example, CYP1A1 Msp1 (M1) increases the catalytic activity and CYP1A1 Msp2 (M2) is directly related to other functional polymorphism and creates more PAH-DNA adducts in white blood cells [30]. This mutations happen mainly in lung, larynx, pharynx, oral, breast, ovary, liver, colorectal and esophagus. The mechanism of CYP1A1 is same for all organisms and the formation of tumour in these organs depends upon geographical factor, demographic factor and number of cigarettes. Lung cancer In lung cancer generally Msp1 (T→C) mutations occur, but in Brazil Msp2 (A→G) mutation associates with lung cancer [17, 19]. B(a)P and NNK carcinogen mainly involve with liver cancer. Oral cancer, larynx and pharynx Msp2 and Msp1 mutation also associates with oral cancer, larynx and pharynx [15, 16, 18]. And PAH and NNN are associated with these cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene, NNN and NNK are carcinogens that enhance the oral cancer [29]. The studies of various articles show that CYP1A1 Msp1 (M1) mutation maximum associates with increasing the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Breast Cancer CYPIAI (M1) and CYP1A1 (M2) increase the risk of breast cancer [20, 21].PAH forms PAH-DNA adduct in breast tissue that associates with increased breast cancer. Generally PAH is used for the study of tumor formation in breast cancer because of three reasons, first it is a good model for understanding the chemical mechanism of tumour formation by chemicals. Second the geometric resemblance of PAH and endogenous estrogen is same. Third estrogens and PAH have aromatic ring. PAH are activated by two pathways, first by electron oxidation and second by CYP1A1. DNA adducts are formed by metabolically activated PAH binding with the nucleophilic groups of the two purine bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G). Both adducts may be either stable or depurinating (It is the loss of purine (adenine or guanine) from DNA backbone). The stable adducts is formed by covalently bonding to DNA unless removed during repair, where the depurinating adducts are those that are released from DNA by deterioration of the glycosidic bond .Stable DNA adducts are created when PAH binds with the exocyclic amino group of A or G, where depurinating adducts are formed by covalently bonding of PAH at the N-3 or N-7 position of Adenine or the N-7 or, sometimes, the C-8 position of Guanine [26, 27].

Comparing Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper -- Comparison Compare Contras

Similarities Between Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper   Ã‚   There are notable similarities between Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper and Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre. These similarities include the treatment of space, the use of a gothic tone with elements of realism, a sense of male superiority, and the mental instability of women. There is a similar treatment of space in the two works, with the larger, upstairs rooms at the summer lodging and at Thornfield Hall being associated with insanity and the smaller rooms below being safer and saner. Gilman's narrator expresses an early desire to move downstairs to a smaller, saner room, but her wish is ignored. Large rooms become haunted rooms in both stories as typified by the room with the yellow wallpaper, the Red Room, and the third floor room beyond which Bertha is confined. Both works contain gothic elements, but there is a conscious effort on the part of both narrators to dispel the gothic tone with elements of realism. Gilman's narrator begins to describe her eerie summer lodgings, but notes "there was some legal trouble with the heirs and co-heirs... That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid" (11). Jane likewise is both affected by and resists the supernatural. For instance, she notes along with Grace Poole's fantastic laughter, her affinity for beer. However, the most notable similarity between the two works is the presence in each house of a "madwoman in the attic" (to borrow from Gilbert and Gubar). In the case of Gilman's narrator (unnamed, but with one ambiguous reference that it may be Jane) and Bertha, madness id the result of traditional Victorian marriages, from which both transgress. Clearly implied in Gilman's text and interpretable in Bronte's ... ...e Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1973. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992. ------. "The Writing of 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Double Palimpsest." Studies in American Fiction. 17 (1989): 193-201. Haney-Peritz, Janice. "Monumental Feminism and Literature's Ancestral House: Another Look at 'The Yellow Wallpaper'" Women's Studies. 12 (1986): 113-128. Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15. Lodge, Scott. "Fire and Eyre: Charlotte Bronte's War of Earthly Elements." The Brontes: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Ian Gregor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1970. 110-36. Maynard, John. Charlotte Bronte and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984.

Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis Essay

Autism and IQ Introduction Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) based the study of the individuals affected by ASD on the magnocellular theory. The theory’s main constructs include that the people suffering from the disorder will have impaired magnocellular transmission networks and that the impairment is the cause of their problems in the processing of information on movement and motion. The theory also explains the problem as one, where results from the abnormal nature of magnocellular neural networks and a variety of sensory systems, unlike in the case of other similar conditions like dyslexia.The main constructs of the theory used by the authors of the article are based on the malfunctioning nature of the networks that guarantee that the working of the human brain is effective and optimal. The main constructs explored under the theory incorporated into the study are related in a variety of ways.Theyinclude the neurodevelopment deficiencies found in the brains of these individuals are the main cause for the impairment of the individual’s social instinct.The article draws on the behaviors that are manifest from the nature of these individuals, to conclude that the impairment of brain networks lead to socially instinctual deficiencies, for example,slowness in flicker-pedestal evaluations. In real life situations, the individual is not able to indicate the appearance of the different squares.Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) contended with the premise of the theory that the effects seen arise from physiological underdevelopment of the brain. They also offered the explanation that impaired development or underdevelopment is caused by a variety of medical deficiencies. Based on the research done in a five-year period, they highlighted that there is a wide variety of causes, including the developmental deficiencies, early detection and trials to correct the issue and the effects of treatment. The effects explored included the impairments seen in the social functionality of the child and the outcomes of the treatment plan. For example, one of the effects explained was that there is little evidence of effective results arising from early interventions (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013). The article explored a variety of variables that are either moderating or mediating, depending on their nature and levels, including being epileptic and the fragility of the x syndrome. In the working out of the various constructs, the researchers controlled for the outside factors and variables, and reached the conclusion that there is litt le effectiveness in the early intervention models developed. From the study of the meta-analyses of the studies published by Pub Med in last five years. The researchers found some information showing that the adoption of early intensive treatment led to the successful correction of the problems found in children suffering from ASD. The interpretation of the findings was that more study was needed to explore the link between the impaired development of the networks and the intensity of behavioral corrections. Based on the article’s area of study as well as its findings, some information gaps were exposed, including those on whether the mediating variables of epilepsy among others could hold the key to the positive outcomes. The effects of the mediating factors should be explored further, so as to find out whether it will be necessary to develop a new theory incorporating them (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013). The main constructs explored under the theory incorporated into the study are related in a variety of ways.Theyinclude the neurodevelopment deficiencies found in the brains of these individuals are the main cause for the impairment of the individual’s social instinct.The article draws on the behaviors that are manifest from the nature of these individuals, to conclude that the impairment of brain networks lead to socially instinctual deficiencies, for example,slowness in flicker-pedestal evaluations. In real life situations, the individual is not able to indicate the appearance of the different squares.Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) contended with the premise of the theory that the effects seen arise from physiological underdevelopment of the brain. They also offered the explanation that impaired development or underdevelopment is caused by a variety of medical deficiencies. Based on the research done in a five-year period, they highlighted that there is a wide variety of causes, including the developmental deficiencies, early detection and trials to correct the issue and the effects of treatment. The effects explored included the impairments seen in the social functionality of the child and the outcomes of the treatment plan. For example, one of the effects explained was that there is little evidence of effective results arising from early interventions (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013). The article explored a variety of variables that are either moderating or mediating, depending on their nature and levels, including being epileptic and the fragility of the x syndrome. In the working out of the various constructs, the researchers controlled for the outside factors and variables, and reached the conclusion that there is little effectiveness in the early intervention models developed. From the study of the meta-analyses of the studies published by Pub Med in last five years. The researchers found some information showing that the adoption of early intensive treatment led to the successful correction of the problems found in children suffering from ASD. The interpretation of the findings was that more study was needed to explore the link between the impaired development of the networks and the intensity of behavioral corrections. Based on the article’s area of study as well as its findings, some information gaps were exposed, including those on whether the mediating variables of epilepsy among others could hold the key to the positive outcomes. The effects of the mediating factors should be explored further, so as to find out whether it will be necessary to develop a new theory incorporating them (Fernell, Eriksson & Gillberg, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dawson and colleagues (2010) did a randomized study exploring the effectiveness of the ESDM model of treatment. The ESDM is a developmental model of treatment based on behavioral interventions and is intended to lessen the severity of the effects of the toddlers suffering from ASD. The mediating and moderating areas explored through the study included the age of the children, which ranged from 18 to 30 months. The independent variables of the study included the delivery of ESDM model of treatment, and the dependent variable beingchecked towards theory development was the reduction in the severity of the ASD condition. The theory under exploration was the empathizing-systemizing theoretical model. The main position of the theory is that the children suffering from ASD get fewer scores in adaptive behaviors like empathy as compared to their peers (Dawson et al., 2010). The theory is based on the outlook that the effects of autism limit a chi ld’s ability to adapt to social situations and their environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main constructs of the theory include the systematized nature of social functionality, sensory manipulation, and the working of motor-based systems. The relationship of the constructs is that the impairment in the development of the brain leads to the reduced effectiveness of the autistic child. The cause of the phenomena includes the impairment in the development of the brain. The effects include the low levels of emotional ability (empathy), sensory manipulation including tapping; and motor manipulation like rocking. The mediating variables included the ages of the children and were not demonstrated to have any effect on the effectiveness of the treatment (Dawson et al., 2010). In the operationalization of the constructs, the study used a study group and a control group. The study split the sampled children of ages ranging from 18 to 30 monthsinto two groups (control and study).In addition, it delivered the ESDM treatment over a two-year period and demonstrated that the method yielded results.The study adopted a statistically comparative study of the children’s standardized scores. The study showed that the treatment was effective, and the study contributed to the advancement of the theory that the developmental effects can be reduced. The results of the study could widen the scope of the theory among others as many have maintained the position that treatment does not yield results(Dawson et al., 2010). Systematic Review of Early Intensive Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warren and colleagues (2011)based their study on the theory of applied behavioral evaluation. The main constructs of the theory include that the principle that child learning can be utilized to improve the affected behavioral areas, through behavioral learning. The implications of the principle are that, despite that it may be impossible to solve the problems completely; it is possible to reduce the severity and develop behaviors that reduce their adversity. The relationship between the constructs is based on the outlook that behaviors are learned and that the impaired behavioral areas can be improved through specificallytargeted learning. The learning that is effective for different individuals is often different, depending on the severity of the ASD in the different areas of underdevelopment. The causes in a relationship include the impairments of the children’s brains, and the effects of behavioral training. The mediating factors explored in the study include the outlook of the behavioral training and its effectiveness. The aspects taken into account as determinants of the effectiveness of the process include the team that administers the behavioral training. In the operationalization of the constructs, the study explored the study explored the modeling based on the early start Denver system. The study entailed the review of the literature that explored the field during the years spanning from 2000 and 2010. The study was mainly a literature review of the studies done, in the past, in the area. The study did not apply any statistical analyzes, due to its nature. The findings of the study included that the Lovaas-based model of treatment, among a few other early intensive training for behavioral development, improved skills like language, cognitive abilities, and social behaviors. The interpretation of the results was that early interventionism is useful in countering or lessening the severity of the impacts of ASD. Autism spectrum disorders: an overview of diagnosis andtreatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brentani and colleagues (2013) based their exploration of the problem of ASD and the corrective measures employed to address it, on the developmental milestones of children aged between 0 and 3.The article started by exploring the wide array of developmental impairments that resemble ASD, including a Heller’s syndrome.It emphasized that they all result from the faulty or compromised working of the child’s brain systems(Brentani et al., 2013). The effects of ASD explored include the abnormality of social engagement, creative play, and language skills. The major constructions explored by the authors in the review included the diagnostic models used, main areas of evaluation, the scales and tools for evaluating the problem and the information generated through epidemiological treatment models. In exploring the wide array of constructs, the authors reviewed the studies exploring ASD and the different variables. The relationship b etween the constructs includes that some contribute to the development of ASD The relationship between the constructs includes that some contribute to the development of ASD andothers are the outcomes(Brentani et al., 2013). The causes covered by the study include drugs administered for symptom control and the scales used to evaluate the problem and their effects on the management of the problem. There are no mediating or moderating constructs, but the dependent constructs include the change of the symptoms of ASD. The study was mainly a review of theliterature; therefore, it did not employ any research methods. Using the outcomes of the study, there was no information reported on the recovery of the subjects covered by the study after they were subjected to the corrective and management-based treatments. Further, the study gave the impression that it is necessary to develop multi-professional teams in the exploration of the problem of ASD. In addition to its engagement with management or treatment models (Brentani et al., 2013). Autistic spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenges in Mexico   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marquez-Caraveo and Albores-Gallo (2011)explored the nature of ASD, which are developmental impairments that affect three areas, including the skills of communication, interactive skills in social settings and motor movements. The study explored in the article is based on the developmental theory of mind blindness. The theoretic model that emphasizes the blindness of the mind, is based on the concept that the autism of a child is initially noticed by parents. Among the other people within the social circle of the child as early as when they are as young as 12 months of age.The theory highlights that the areas of cognitive and interactive development that are impaired include the child’s ability to observe the behavior of another and then adjust in response. One example of real-life experience that demonstrates this area of weakness is that you will find the autistic child looking outside the window, but they will notice little on th e view outside the window. In exploring the theory, the researchers highlighted that less than 38% of families seek medical advice, even after noticing the developmental deficiencies that give evidence of ASD. The researchers also highlighted the necessity of training health and educational service providers, on the developmental course of social communication and interactions as well as language acquisition. By developing the experience and the knowledge needed to discover the problems of the children, they will report the condition before it escalates to levels that are more adverse. The theory highlights that the areas of cognitive and interactive development that are impaired include the child’s ability to observe the behavior of another and then adjust in response. One example of real-life experience that demonstrates this area of weakness is that you will find the autistic child looking outside the window, but they will notice little on the view outside the window. In exploring the theory, the researchers highlighted that less than 38% of families seek medical advice, even after noticing the developmental deficiencies that give evidence of ASD. The researchers also highlighted the necessity of training health and educational service providers, on the developmental course of social communication and interactions as well as language acquisition. By developing the experience and the knowledge needed to discover the problems of the children, they will report the condition before it escalates to levels that are more adverse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major constructs explored in the study included the discovery of the symptoms of autism, the instruments for assessing the problem, and the psychosocial treatments that can be used to address the problem. The relationship between the various constructs is one that demonstrates a continuum model.This is where the observation of symptoms should lead to the use of dedicated tools to study the problem and initiating psychosocial treatment to reduce the severity of the problem.The cause variable is the symptoms of ASD. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatm ent and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatment and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatment and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. References Brentani, H., de Paula, C., Bordini, D., Rolim, D.,  Sato, F.,  Portolese, J., Pacifico, M.,  &McCracken, J. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders: an overview of diagnosis and treatment.Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.   35 (Supl. 1), S62-72. Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., &Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model.Pediatrics, 125 (1), e17-23. Fernell, E., Eriksson, M., & Gillberg, C. (2013). Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clin Epidemiol, 5, 33-43. Marquez-Caraveo, M., & Albores-Gallo, L. (2011). Autistic spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenges in Mexico. Salud Mental, 34, 435-441. Warren, Z., McPheeters, M., Sathe, N., Foss-Feig, J., Glasser, A., &Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.A. (2011). Systematic Review of Early Intensive Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics,127(5), e1303-e1311. Source document

The Consumer Response Towards Sales Promotion with Regards to McDonalds, Dubai - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2447 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? A study to evaluate and understand the consumer response towards sales promotion with regards to McDonalds, Dubai Chapter 1- Introduction Consumer behavior describes how consumers make purchase decisions and how they use and dispose of the purchased goods or services. The study of consumer behavior also includes an analysis of factors that influence purchase decisions and product use.(McDaniel, Lamb .W Hair. F, 2008) Buying behavior of a consumer is a study that describes us about the tastes, preferences, attitudes, wants, culture and beliefs of individuals in a market when they purchase a product and consume it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Consumer Response Towards Sales Promotion with Regards to McDonalds, Dubai" essay for you Create order Buying behavioral activities are vital for the overall development of any organization. Sales promotion are considered one of the most effective ways by which they are able to achieve their goals and objectives being set by the management. The reason behind studying buying behavior is that it helps the marketer of an organization to determine the various factors which are responsible for consumers to decide to buy a commodity or service. Consumer buying behavior concentrates on the money, effort on consumption and time. It helps in determining future purchases and helps in creating an evaluation on different questions such as why different individuals purchase a commodity, when they buy, what they buy or how often they use it. Studying the consumer behavior is important as it helps in creating a focus for any brand in order to increase their efforts and get the kind of results they want. With the understanding of consumer behavior, an organization will automatically be able to pro vide consumers with better commodities and services that will result them into making more sales and earn more profit, so the study of buying behavior is important as it results into improving the quality of goods and services and also helps in knowing what kind of products can be offered to their customers. It helps in establishing better marketing strategies that are focused on the different type of consumer groups which let an organization target the right market and be able to utilize their resources and not waste them by spending it on consumers outside their target market. Consumers have needs and wants and any brands main objective should be to identify their needs and create the desired want. They should focus on how they can influence an individuals buying behavior and make it profitable for the organization which will give them the ability to have a better edge over their rivals when it comes to predicting consumer behavior. With this knowledge of consumer behavior, a marketer is able to understand what an individual thinks or feels about a product or service being offered. This is effected greatly by the way an organization influences their customers through their ambience of the shop, sales person, reference groups and also what an individuals family thinks about them. Cultural, social, personal and psychological factors, all these influence a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s buying behavior and also on the contrary all these factors are beyond the control of any marketer but at the same time these factors are kept in mind in order to understand the complex behavior of consumers. There are different firms that spend billion dollars a year in order to be able to study what consumers like so that they can customize their advertising, atmosphere of their outlet or train their employees so that consumers favor their organization more. It is one of the most challenging and demanding concept in marketing as it tries to understand how buyers react or do wh at they do. According to an article in Rochmarketing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trust isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a prerequisite for consumers to even enter the purchase funnel,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  said Laura Salant, director, research, About.com. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“By understanding how consumers view trust and what they value most, marketers can tailor their outreach to deliver meaningful information and tools to create authentic, long-lasting relationships.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Instyrochmarketing.com, 2014). This clearly explains that marketers have to make their strategies in such a way which will highly influence a consumers buying decision as they tend to look for value of for the product being offered. Every individual in the world is different from one another so it is more over impossible to have the same basic rules that explain how these buying decisions are made. Factors that influence consumer buying behavior The central focus of any marketing plan is the consumers so it is very important for an organization to devise a good marketing strategy which will help them in order to examine a customers behavioral attributes and needs. There are four main factors that influence the buying behavior of a customer. Cultural Factor- It is one of the most basic reason for a consumers want or behavior towards a product or service, as it requires a crucial focus to understand the needs of any individuals. For any organization it is vital for them to take in account the cultural factor in order to inherent themselves to adapt the different market situations, just like how a parent grows up their child with some basic morale, values, perception and also what the family as a whole would expect from the child, hence in the same way even the marketers are trying to understand what the consumers expect from them and introduce products that will be wanted by their customers or make changes to the existing product in order to increase their demand. McDonalds is one of the best examples when it comes to adapting their market and producing products according to their customers cultural needs around the world. They are aware of the importance to provide their customers with food that meets their taste and needs from different cultures. In UAE there is a mixture of veg and non-veg in their population but mostly every individual consumes meat, so McDonalds has to provide meat which is hygienic and at the same time since this is a Muslim country they cannot serve kosher meat here and as well as pork. Hence, in UAE and other Muslim countries they have to serve meat which is Halal (slaughtered according to the Islamic Shariah) and not follow any unethical ways in their production process. The dress code that McDonalds employees have to follow should be not revealing and covered properly in a decent manner. Social Factor- This is another factor which influences the consumer behavior and is divided into three different categories. Reference and membership group: The type of social group an individual belongs to will have their own influence on them. The membership groups are mostly made of people living in the same residential area, age, workplace etc, whereas the reference group are described as people who provide other individuals with some points and opinions of what they think regarding a particular brand. Family: The family can be one of the most influencing factors to an individuals opinion about a brand. The perception of a brand usually created by the family members can have a very strong influence on an individuals buying behavior. For examples, as a child your family did not allow you to consume Pepsi because your parents thought it was not good for your health as it contains a lot of sugar and destroys teeth. This makes a loss for a person like you to ever buy Pepsi as a grown up whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s never drunk it as a child. Social role and status: The role or the position of a person at his workplace, with family or friends can also define their social status or role and influence the buying decisions of an individual specially for those products which are visible to other people an can define them as a person. Personal Factor- An individuals age and the way of living his life will obviously influence his buying behavior because an individual does not purchase the same commodity or service which they did 15 or 30 years ago. The living lifestyle, hobbies, activities, personality everything changes with time. A persons financial revenue will also have an effect on his behavior and purchasing decisions. Psychological Factor- In order to explain how this factor can influence on the consumer buying behavior, we can divide it into four different categories. Motivation: This works at a subconscious level of mind and in order to increase the motivation level an organization needs to create a conscience or reinforce a need in the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind pushing them to satisfy it. So in order for any organization to increase sales and motivate consumers to purchase they should try to create a need in the mind of individuals and carry out a lot of market research to be able to target the right market. Perception: This basically means the way a consumer selects, organizes and processes the information he receives in order to do something about it which will make sense to him. Learning: When we learn something, we try to demonstrate what we learn by putting it into action, learning is also known to change the way a consumer behaves or interprets information and experience. For example: When you become sick after drinking a mango milkshake, it will create a negative impression about that milkshake you had and fell sick which will demotivate you from purchasing it again. Hence these learning theories can be used by brands to market their product better by associating their products with a positive image in the minds of consumers. Beliefs and attitudes: With experience of life a person tends to develop its own beliefs that will influence his buying behavior. On the contrary, an attitude can be described as a feeling of the idea a person feels associated with the product. It is vital to understand that an individual should identify and analyze and positive and negative attitudes and beliefs they have on any brand. In order for an organization to change the way a consumer thinks about their product, they should adjust and customize their marketing strategies to be able to influence an individuals perception of their brand. Marketing Communication Marketing communication is a crucial and a critical element of marketing activities. It is way in which the right messages that an organization wants their consumers to know are being passed to the targeted market with the right channels. The concept of this is clearly to identify and understand the need of the targeted audience and differentiate themselves from the rivals. The tools of marketing communications are determined by an organization based on their capacity of finance, people, power and strategy which is used to target it to the audience and also the study the various factors which can influence the buying behavior of an individual in order to make them get attracted and consume the commodity or service being offered. Marketing communication is known as the promotion part of the marketing mix of four Pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Product, Price, Place and Promotion. It is known as a strategy which is being used by an organization to reach their targe ted market of consumers through different types of communication. It is a complex and a fundamental part of any firms marketing efforts. The different forms of marketing communication includes tools such as Advertising, Public Relations, Online media, Point-of-sale promotions and sales promotion. Advertising is one of the most powerful tools of marketing communication which is used by the businesses in order to help them reach a very large number of audiences with high frequency of message delivery. With this a firm is able to advertise the important information about their products and offers to the consumers but at the same time this is an expensive form of promotional tool, a business needs to have a proper advertising budget and consider the fact that whether they will be coming up with their own ideas for advertising which will not cost them much or hire an advertising company to plan an advert for them which will be costly but worth it. This is basically a non- personal communication which is transmitted through means of media, the marketing communication should be planned properly so that a business is able to make the brand or productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name more familiar in the market and also establish and create a favorable image and good will, provide information to the consumers about the product and services being offered and also attract more customers by making them keen in order to find out more about their product and service. Public Relation also helps in creating brand awareness to the consumers in a subtle way. The difference between advertising and public relation is that adverts promotes products in a more aggressive way whereas public relation promotes and communicates in a soft way. Also on the other hand, if PR is talking about your product then it becomes the only means of marketing communication which is free, they are planned and take place purposely by a company in order to communicate to different public categories that may have an interest in their organizational activities. This group of people can include employees, customers and investors. The entire purpose of Public Relation is to create a positive image based on possible mutual relations. They also use various forms of communication channels. The difference between advertising and public relation is that PR uses more informative messages which can include yearly reports and balance sheets, PR are also used to build a trust whereas advertising causes an immediate action. Advertisings are repeated whereas PR actions are quite unique and can also be accomplished through public dialogue. Online Media- In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the social networking sites too play an important role in marketing of a product as there are many businesses that tend to use the online social media as their means of marketing communication. The adverts are easily being posted on the social sites such as Facebook, twitter or personal blogs so that they can attract an even larger audience from around the different parts of world. Point of sale promotions mainly involves the display techniques which are being used by an organization through audio, video or displays that can influence the buying process of individuals visiting the sale point. It informs the consumers that they can purchase the commodity or service in that particular place. This form of promotion can be done through billboards, specific lighting, posters, product display shelves or by giving away free gifts. Sales Promotion Bibliography List Books McDaniel. C, Lamb C.W. Hair J.F. (2008). Principles Of Marketing, Indian Edition: Cenage Learning, India. Pg no. 152 Websites Instyrochmarketing.com, (2014).Great Article about todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consumer buying behavior | Marketing Services. [online] Available at: https://www.instyrochmarketing.com/marketing/great-article-about-todays-consumer-buying-behavior/ [Accessed 9 May. 2014]. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-marketing-communication-concepts-20597.html marketing communications https://www.gb3group.com/promotional-techniques.php